What is the Link Between Down Syndrome and Childhood Cancer?

Let’s begin by explaining Down syndrome

Down syndrome (DS) occurs in about one in every 700 births worldwide. There is a small change during early fetal development that leads to an extra copy of chromosome 21, which is why DS is also known as trisomy 21.

People with DS have unique, recognizable physical characteristics and may experience some developmental delays, though these can vary widely from person to person.

Children with Down syndrome have a unique relationship with cancer. That extra chromosome can influence both an increased risk for certain cancers and yet protect against other cancers.

A higher risk for certain blood cancers

It’s estimated that children with DS have a 10 to 30 times higher likelihood of developing acute leukemia than children without DS. The most common blood cancers children with DS get are:

• Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL)
• Acute myeloid leukemia (AML)

Why are DS kids more likely to get ALL or AML?

At a high level, it comes down to genetics.

That extra copy of chromosome 21 affects how certain genes involved in blood cell growth and development behave.

These genetic changes can make it easier for abnormal blood cells to grow and multiply, leading to leukemia.

It is interesting to note that those same genetic differences seem to offer protection against many solid tumors.

Children (and adults) with DS have lower rates of breast cancer, lung cancer and brain tumors.

Treatment and outcomes

Children with DS can be more sensitive to certain chemotherapy drugs, so doctors often alter their treatment plans to reduce side effects while maintaining effectiveness.

The good news is that many children with Down syndrome respond well to leukemia treatment.

Why this research matters

Studying leukemia treatments and side effects in children with DS has led to insights that benefit all children with blood cancers.

Researchers have gained a better understanding of:

• How leukemia occurs at the genetic level
• Which genes drive cancer growth
• How to target treatments that are less toxic

These discoveries are helping move pediatric cancer care for all children toward safer, more precise therapies. Rally Foundation is committed to moving this research forward.

To see how one Rally-funded researcher has made real advancements in treating DS kids with leukemia, click here: https://rallyfoundation.org/a-breakthrough-for-down-syndrome-and-leukemia/.

Looking ahead with hope

The link between Down syndrome and childhood cancer shows the power of research to uncover answers, improve treatments with fewer side effects and to ultimately save lives.

Continuing to invest in innovative science will help us turn these discoveries into better outcomes for every child facing cancer and brings us closer to a future where cures are within reach.